Client Information Jessie E. Smith - 1050 Words

Revised Jessie Ester M3 Assignment 2 Task 1 Instructor: Dr. Castellani July 8, 2015 Client Information Jessie E. Smith is a forty one year old Caucasian female. She currently lives in New York with her daughter. She is currently unemployed and receives a link card for food and Medicaid insurance. Jessica is†¦show more content†¦Axis I 301. 83 borderline personality disorder (Primary) During the evaluation, the client was describing and displaying multiple symptoms that are associated with borderline personality disorder. After reviewing the mental status examination results and reviewing the client clinical, psychological and personal history. The client has additional symptoms that may not be viewed within the borderline personality disorder, but play a role on the behaviors that are not associated with the disorder. These characteristics were met by the client who is as follows: 1. frantic efforts to avoid real or imagine abandonment. 2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships which alter between extremes of idealization and devaluation. 3. Impulsive in at least areas that are potentially self damaging. 4. Spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binges eating. Axis 1 301.7 antisocial personality disorder (secondary) As previously indicated the client had demonstrated different symptomatic behaviors that can clearly be associated with more than one personality disorder. During the evaluation the client mix behaviors, childhood history, recklessness and irritability has led to a possible different personality behavior which is a disorder call antisocial disorder. Primary and secondary diagnosis These disorders focus on the evaluation which is to identify the psychological disorder that the client

Essay on Sexual Education in Public Schools - 1915 Words

Sex education has been an ongoing debate for decades. In the early 1970’s, twenty states voted restricting sex education from the school curriculum, leaving the District of Columbia and only three states (Maryland, Kentucky, New Jersey), requiring schools to teach sex education. By the mid 1980’s, a deadly disease permitted through sexual intercourse was recognized; the fear of catching a disease sex education quickly became accepted. In 1986, Surgeon General C. Everett Koop felt sex education should start as early as third grade stating, ‘â€Å"There is now no doubt †¦ that we need sex education in schools and that it [should] include information on heterosexual and homosexual relationships. The lives of our young people depend on our†¦show more content†¦Often, sexual education can go against an individuals moral or religious beliefs. Many schools do not teach abstinence only but teach safe sex, whereas many religious groups and families do not v alue intercourse before marriage. Teachers may input their own beliefs or morals into the subject matter rather than stick with the facts if they are not properly trained on how to conduct a sex education course. Sex education classes are briefly focused on during a health class or physical education. This is not a long enough period to educate students on such serious material. These arguments does not take into account the fact that students will be taught on subjects such as, sexually transmitted diseases, the reproductive system, sexually and birthing issues rather than the stuff they learn through peers, television or the internet. Many of the myths learned by students about sex swill also are discussed, such as not being able to get pregnant the first time. Classes for those of a younger group are separated by gender, saving embarrassment amongst students and teachers. Teaching sex education can have a major impact on preventing unplanned pregnancy and other sexual problems in adulthood. Religious groups and parents argue abstinence only is all students need to be informed of in school but studies show that students sexually activity is not reduced by abstinence-only programs. The United States Department of Health and Human Services released a study in 2007 ofShow MoreRelatedSexual Education in Public Schools760 Words   |  3 PagesSexual education has long been a topic of debate among many different in our American society.  The public schools system offers sexual education or sex ed to all students, and offer parents the option to exclude their children from these class rooms.  Discussions to making these classes mandatory has drawn some positive supports and negative supports in the forum disputes of sex education topic.  Due to the high number of teen pregnancies (As of 2012, the teen birth rate was 29 births per 1,000 teenRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Education On Public Schools1702 Words   |  7 PagesI. Abstract Sexual education being enforced in public schools is important and it should be taught in all schools. Young adults are learning that it is important to wait until marriage to have sex. Sexual education taught in public schools does raise a couple of eyebrows because some parents think that young adults should not learn about sex at their age. Sexual education is very important for young adults to either use abstinence or condoms. Sexual education in schools are the proper classes forRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Education On Public Schools908 Words   |  4 PagesHow Sexual Education In Public Schools Benefit By: Michelle Schlichting English Composition I November 2015 Sexual education in public schools has many benefits. This is of course if every public school would be willing to provide their students with the opportunity to be able to take this class. Therefore I believe that some sort of sexual education class should be provided to all high school students in public schools. Sexual Education should be taught in high schools for quite a numberRead MoreShould Sexual Education Be Taught Public Schools?863 Words   |  4 PagesShould Sexual Education be Taught in Public Schools At the expense of leaving students entirely sexually uninformed, public schools efforts or absence of sexual education leaves today’s youth misinformed and at risk to find themselves facing the real harsh realities of STDS and unexpected pregnancies, which could have simply been prevented if they were only given simple protective methods, instructions and guidance. In this day in age where sex sells, teenagers need to be properly educated so theyRead MoreThe Benefits of Sexual Education in Public Schools2013 Words   |  9 Pagesthat there is a problem with sexual education and urges his readers to do something about it. Teens should be able to make educated decisions, so they can protect themselves and their partners from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and be able to maintain that safety from teenage years to adulthood. The bulk of sexual education programs within the United States are not assisting teens to achieve and uphold these standards. Sexual education curriculum in the United StatesRead MoreSexual Education Should Be Taught At Public Schools1219 Words   |  5 Pagesnewest debates is whether or not sexual education should be taught to our youth of today in public schools. Sexual education should be taught to our youth in public schools. Many children aren’t being educated at home to, there is a lack of parent education, adolescents are becoming more sexually active at a younger age, and the number of teen pregnancy is at a lower level than in the past, but still at an alarming rate. An additional point would be parent education. Most don’t think about havingRead MoreSexual Education Is An Invaluable Part Of The Public School Curriculum1196 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide. In particular, when it comes to sexual education, there are many adverse effects that could arise should that child never be given the thorough discussion that the topic surely needs. Sexual education is an invaluable part of the public school curriculum. I know this not only from my personal experience as a teen but also from the research confirming it’s positive effects on teen pregnancy. In my personal experience it was beneficial when I was in school to be taught about the topic. Being thatRead MoreShould Sexual Risk Avoidance Education Be Taught At All U.s. Public Schools?3848 Words   |  16 PagesMadeline Martinez EQ: SHOULD SEXUAL RISK AVOIDANCE EDUCATION BE TAUGHT IN ALL U.S. PUBLIC SCHOOLS? Introduction The following words were shown and defined in a textbook: BDSM, bondage, dom/domme, sub, top, bottom, switches. These words, which are related to the sexual practice of BDSM, happened to be presented in Your Health Today, a health textbook that was proposed to be used in Fremont, California just this past summer. The words and those like it, unlike in this paper, were defined and discussedRead MoreThe Canadian Guidelines For Sexual Education1665 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education is an important topic which as to be addressed due to the growing debates as to weather it should be implemented within the school system. The Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education states that sexual education curriculums addresses a range of topics including â€Å"puberty, effective contraceptive methods, prevention of STI/HIV, communication skills, sexual orientation, interpersonal relationships, and media literacy† (Public Health Agency of Canada). Children need to addressRead MoreSho uld Sex Education Be Taught? Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesaddressing sex education in my classroom. The state-mandated teaching standards promoting a biased, abstinence-only program, however, do little to communicate reliable and inclusive information about sexuality. Texas provisions and education codes relating to sex education should sustain amendments that fully address the sexual health needs of every student, regardless of their gender identity, sexual orientation or sexual expression. Sex Education in Texas The topic of sex education in the United

The Role Of The Geisha In Japanese free essay sample

Culture Essay, Research Paper Japan, located in the Pacific Ocean off the seashore of the Asiatic Continent, is a state composed of about 7,000 islands, many are little. The four chief islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Japan has the 7th largest population in the universe. With about 125 million dwellers, the lone states with a higher population are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The population which is about half of the United States, lives on merely 1/25 as much sum land mass, this computes to being one of the highest population densenesss in the universe. These conditions reflect in the Nipponese cultural values and their desire for being a corporate society.1 The Nipponese manner of carry oning concern differs greatly from the western theoretical account. It has grown out of the state? s alone history cultured doctrine. The Nipponese people are isolated in an island state? s alone history, civilization, and doctrine. The island state is under changeless barrage by the rough forces of nature, have traditionally placed a strong accent on working together as a group in order to last. Their civilization is profoundly influenced by Confucianism, with its stiff regulations regulating behavior and its accent on trust, consensus, and hierarchy. These ancient roots have influenced every facet of Nipponese concern ; from the manner formal meetings are conducted to the importance placed on after-hours socialization. It has shaped a concern civilization in which long-run, reciprocally good relationships are of paramount importance. By understanding and accommodating to this concern civilization, Western executives eager to make concern in Japan will be able to be enlightened to be more productive associations with their Nipponese co-workers and will increase the chance of accomplishing the ends of their meetings at that place. It is of import to understand the function of the female entertainer in Nipponese civilization. That is why the Geisha has a specific role.2 The geisha is described as a? century old professional entertainer? the geisha is an of import portion of traditional Nipponese societal life. Geisha are Masterss in the humanistic disciplines, trained in music, penmanship, Sado ( tea ceremonial ) poesy, conversation and societal graces every bit good as three stringed instruments called Shamisen. They dress in traditional kimonos, stupefying in their elegance. Basic wooden clog getas are worn for footwear, and hair is up in roll type hairdos trimmed with metallic accoutrements. Geisha literally translated agencies? beauty individual? or? individual who lives by the humanistic disciplines. ? 3 The geisha emerged around the mid-Edo period ( 1600- 1868 ) . The first geisha appeared at parties in the 1600? s. Surprisingly, they were work forces. Beating membranophones and doing gags, they entertained the invitees and warriors. As clip passed this type of entertaining became a female business. By the 1780? s female geisha out numbered work forces and divine creative persons, authors, and instrumentalists with their olympian lives in the flower and willow scene. From the terminal of the Edo period to the present geisha have had connexions with business communities and even with authorities functionaries. They were non merely revered in Japan, but besides fascinated most of western civilization. Their fees are instead extortionately expensive so they are chiefly reserved for the elite. Alternatively of being calculated by the hr it is referred to in units of sticks, since the fee was officially figured by the lengths of clip it took a stick of incense to fire down. One hr by and large consists of? four sticks, ? which is the minimal sum of payment.4 Most people hear about Geisha and believe that they are all cocottes. Geisha is an art.5 The geisha is non a cocotte, but an entertainer seeking to do a living.6 The mysterious geisha, at one clip admired for pureness in maintaining with work forces, is necessarily still a beginning of desire.7A Geisha is a high-class professional who exists on the same continuum as a cocotte. These adult females who become geisha? s non out of love but because chance affords them this life. Men hire adult females to entertain them, and the chief function of a geisha is to supply female company. At times that entails merely being arm confect, and unluckily at other times it besides involves sex.8 These adult females are professional hostesses in a fluctuation. The geisha chiefly entertain the higher category. These adult females are extensively trained in many of the traditional Nipponese arts.9 Men have sought adult females of another type ( alternatively of their married womans ) to entertain them in public, to interrupt the ice of societal convention-thicker in Japan than elsewhere, to pour interest, to sing, dance, play the sansien and to do conversation.10 The Japanese do non typically prosecute in concern tiffins, but if invited to dinner after the formal meetings ( which is likely to happen ) , if possible an credence is necessary. A cabaret, karaoke saloon, or hostess nine follows dinner. For the Nipponese these societal interactions that take topographic point after concern hours are all a portion of carry oning any concern. It is what some consider, the most of import interaction in Japan. It is the manner the Nipponese buttockss who they are in concern with and find whether one can be trusted in a long-run relationship.11 Informal socialization is a opportunity to loosen up, be less restrained, and exchange ideas and feeling that can non be expressed in the office. However, one time back in the meeting room after a dark of socialization, everyone returns to the formal agencies of turn toing each other and choruss from mentioning to what was said the old eventide. If invited to Nipponese imbibing party one should experience honored because to the Nipponese this is a mark that a insouciant or personal relationship is desired. The Nipponese believe that? imbibing together establishes trust, cements relationships, that allows tensenesss to dissipate. ? Nominikeshon, communicating through imbibing, is a late coined word. The Nipponese feel that intoxicant allows an chance to blow off steam and speak honestly about their feeling. One of the advantages to imbibing is that? inappropriate? behaviour is now excused, or at least non to be taken with complete earnestness. It is of import to recognize that personal inquiries will be asked of you during this clip such as income, personal life, and the worth of your ownerships. These inquiries in Japan are non viewed as taboo.12 Westerners have typically been outraged by the thought of the geisha. Surely, from an exterior position, which by about any visible radiations shows Japan as an egregiously male dominated society, an obedient and functioning adult females seems unfair.13 Traditionally, the topographic point of the Nipponese married woman has for so long been in the privacy of the home.14 That is why most of the late dark imbibing activities are done without their partners. That is why work forces find comfort within a geisha. The Geisha is trained to demo no emotions that are negative. They are trained to conceal behind their Kabuki white face and keep a expression that is to arouse an emotion that they are systematically pleased.15 Ironically, they are among the few Nipponese adult females who have managed to achieve economic ego sufficiently and act upon on their ain virtues. Womans have dominated the function of the geisha for the yesteryear 250 year. They have served alleviation to career goaded business communities or stately officials.16. The usage of the geisha as a type of amusement at concern meetings, and some may even take it farther. This is the monetary value they pay for more of an independent life style that the married woman of the businessman.17 Price of amusement of for five work forces at a first category tea house for an eventide amusement by a twosome geisha, including dinner and a twosome of drinks, would run likely upward of $ 10,000. The geishas make a ample income to back up themselves. Although one has to retrieve their Kimonos and hairdos are instead dearly-won as good. They besides allot a certain sum to the teashop in which they entertain the gentlemen.18 In fact, it is chiefly successful business communities and high-level politicians who can afford to maintain a geisha. Geisha is to be orderly and pleasant and above all to maintain their oral cavity shut. They frequently hear concern and province secrets from their clients.19 Today the figure of geishas has greatly declined, their function taken over by the saloon hostesses. It is late estimated that there were half a million saloon hostesses in Japan. Some of the saloon hostesses are cocottes but they are non wholly willing to make sexual favours in exchange for money. One needs to be cautious about doing this error. The client is assigned a hostess who will sit with him, pour drinks, and entertain in a coquettish mode. The patronage are about ever work forces. Hostess nines are expensive and overpriced. An eventide could be a lower limit of $ 200. Never conveying a saloon hostess to societal events where you will see your concern associates. Yet it is acceptable to convey a geisha.20 Today geishas figure fewer than a 1000 found largely in Osaka and Kyoto.21 Geisha Don? T hold any opposite number in our ain civilization because here in the West, work forces and adult females socialise together freely. In Japan they don? T. Men hire a geisha to entertain them. They are besides a critical portion of the Nipponese civilization. If one should hold to make concern in Japan it is of import that the function of the geisha is understood as a portion of socialising. One besides must retrieve the importance of socialising as medium through good will and concern is conducted to this Asiatic civilization. Bibliography Chat Transcripts: Thursday November 5, 1998 7 autopsy ET? the writer of Memoirs of a Geisha writer Arthur Golden. bn.com. Geisha: ? A Nipponese Tradition? hypertext transfer protocol ; //www.geocities.com/SoHo/Lofts/5783/geisha.htm. October 20, 1999 Kuzirian, Stephanie, Geisha, hypertext transfer protocol: www.ric.edu/pamental/womenjapan/kazerianpaper.html. October 20, 1999. The Mystic Geisha, hypertext transfer protocol: www.nyu.edu/classes/blais/mg1/geisha/geishas.html. October 20, 1999. Terminology of Nipponese Wordss: Nipponese Wordss? Geisha? , hypertext transfer protocol: moon.jrn.columbia.edu/~ma297/immortal_geisha/term.html. October 20, 1999. Westerners Making Business in Japan, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.anderson.ucla.edu/research/japan/t2/sup7art.htm. October 20, 1999.

The Theme of Love in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Essay Example

The Theme of Love in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Paper The Theme of Love in Romeo and Juliet Essay Introduction â€Å"Here’s much to do with hate but more with love† This quotation from Romeo can in fact describe the whole play. The word â€Å"more† shows the power of love to overcome hatred. However, in Romeo and Juliet there are several different types of love demonstrated. For example, characters such as Mercutio can be seen using sexual innuendos and bawdy language. In the play, there is evidence of brotherly love, shown to Romeo by Benvolio; motherly love from the Nurse towards Juliet; and fatherly love shown by Friar Lawrence towards Romeo; a suitor who offers wealth and power, is shown in the character of Paris. On one hand there is Romeo and Juliet who show a very passionate and romantic form of love. Romeo and Juliets love is different from everyone elses thoughts. For them, marriage is completely based upon true love. Others, it may be for power, wealth and recognition.Romeo is one of the protagonists in the play. He comes across as a very romantic and mature tee nager who feels the in the deepest love for Juliet who he met at Lord Capulet’s party. â€Å"O she doth teach the torches to burn bright.† â€Å"What is her mother?† These are his words to Nurse and her answer reveals that his to see if only love has come from his only hate.But this is not the first time Romeo was â€Å"in love†.He loves Rosaline in the beginning of the play because that is what he thinks is the manly thing to do. But later he falls in love with Juliet. But once he has set his eyes on her, he completely forgets about Rosaline. Romeo presents Rosaline as having â€Å"wit† and being â€Å"strong†, as â€Å"she† will not be hit with Cupid’s arrow(Act 1 scene 1, lines 203-204), she lives unharmed(line 205) which means secure against his advances is rich in beauty.Mercutio’s attitude towards love is very sarcastic; it is uses bawdy humour and innuendo. Mercutio is always twisting words so that they become rud e. One innuendo he uses would be†An open-arse, thou pop’rin pear.† Mercutio is not at all a the person who would show any sign of affection, but a person who would joke about love and feelings. He mocks Romeo when he hears about Romeo’s love for Rosaline. Sampson, Gregory and the Nurse all use bawdy humour, but Mercutio is the wittiest. â€Å"this is the hag, when maids lie on their backs, That presses them and learns them first to bear, making them women of good carriage. This is she-† He is constantly punning, this shows how he generally behaves. Mercutio does not provide much help to the love of Romeo and Juliet mainly because he doesn’t know about their secret love, but even if he did know he is the kind of character who would mock. He thinks that Romeo is wasting his time with Rosaline, and mocks him.At the beginning of Act 2 Scene 3, Friar Lawrence thinks that Romeo. He treats Romeo like a son, as Friar has known him since he was born.â € Young son, it argues a distemper’d head† which means that Romeo, a young man should be getting sleep and shouldn’t be disturbed†Ã¢â‚¬ But where unbruised youth with unstuff’d brain† meaning Romeo shoudn’t have any worries when going to sleep unlike an older man like Friar Lawrence that stay awake with worries.Friar Lawrence is happy when Romeo says â€Å"I have forgot that name† when he is asked about Rosaline. Young Romeo then tells Frair Lawrence that he is certain he loves Juliet. Friar Lawrence then goes to mock Romeo by saying†Not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes† Friar Lawrence does not believe Romeo is really in love, but only cares about their appearance i.e. their looks. Friar Lawrence shows love in this scene towards Romeo by taking great interests in what he is doing, but also by doing the type of things a father would do. â€Å"The sweetest honey is loathsome in his own deliciousness† T he Friar says this to Romeo suggesting that anticipation is more than what it turns out to be.Friar Lawrence marries the couple and tries to help them whenever possible. He wants the best for them and thinks that if they marry then possibly the feuding will end; â€Å"In one respect I’ll thy assistant be: for this may so happy prove, to turn your households’ rancour to pure love†The Nurse in Romeo and Juliet is a character who is treats Juliet as her own child. She has always been looking after Juliet since she was a baby. Even though Juliet’s real mother is Lady Capulet, she does not seem to be so interested in her. People only hired people like the Nurse if they were very wealthy and powerful. Juliet and the Nurse are closer to each other than Juliet and lady Capulet have ever been. The nurse has a blunt attitude towards love and sex, but s affectionate and loving woman who wants Juliet to be happy. In the beginning, the nurse aids Juliet’s love for Romeo but in the end she tries to persuade Juliet to marry Paris.Old Capulet has a certain type of love towards his daughter Juliet; he has never really bonded with her a lot. Capulet was saying just before how his daughter is really young to be married â€Å"and soon marr’d are those so early made† but Paris is arguing and saying that there are girls younger than Juliet that have got married. This means that Capulet, as a concerned father thinks those who get married too young could end up being hurt, and if Juliet does not choose Paris as the one she loves, he should love her anyway. I think he shows a caring side here because he is worried about the age of Juliet. He also says if Juliet picks Paris out as someone she loves then Capulet will agree. When the audience hear Lord Capulet in act 4, scene 5 and act 5 scene 4 they would be shocked because due to his sudden reaction when he hears that Juliet refuses to marry Paris. He is so angry that he can’t kee p his feelings in.Benvolio is Romeo’s cousin, and is also one of his closest relatives. He definitely shows a very caring character treating Romeo with respect, as if he was his brother. He is always advising Romeo what to do. â€Å"Be rul’d by me, forget to think of her, by giving liberty into mine eyes, examine other beautiesTybalt is part of the Capulet family and is very protective over what his family represent. He is willing to fight for his life, as we can see with an incident occurring with Romeo. When Tybalt realises that his most hated enemies are attending their party, he goes straight to the head of the house (Capulet) and complains he wants them to leave at once. â€Å"Tis he, that villain Romeo.† Capulet considers the ideas of Tybalt but realises that there will be an uproar and the party will most likely be spoilt. â€Å"Content thee, gentle coz, let him alone, ‘A bears him like a portly gentleman.†Paris is the man whom Capulet wants Juliet to marry. Paris explains his feelings for Juliet to Capulet. It seems that Paris does love Juliet because when Romeo kills him he asks to be put in her tomb, â€Å"If thou be merciful, Open the tomb, lay me with Juliet.†In conclusion, the play of Romeo and Juliet, shows many different types of love. Romantic and true love compared with courtly unrequited love and the sexual love of Mercutio. It also compares the fatherly love of the Friar with that of Capulet and the motherly love of the nurse with that of Lady Capulet. Benvolio and Tybalt meanwhile illustrate brotherly love and the extreme love of the family name. In the play, it is less to do with love and more about wealth and family status. In act 5, scene 3, Romeo resolves to kill himself that night in Capulet’s monument. I think this is a brave decision, because it shows the depth of his love for Juliet. It is extremely romantic act â€Å"this love feel I, that feel no love in this.† The Theme of Love in Romeo and Juliet Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Black Market Drugs free essay sample

Barbiturate and amphetamine addiction continues to give cause for national concern. Each year hundreds of thousands of pills manage to slip into the black market and are sold illegally, often to young people. Some observers, including the head of a congressional crime committee that spent two years probing the problem of illegal drug trafficking, believe that the drug manufacturers cannot be blamed if their products are put to illegitimate use. Do drug manufacturers have any moral responsibility to ensure that their products are not put to such use? In this paper I am going to discuss the six different ethical theories, including utilitarianism, kantian ethics, natural law theory, virtue theory, care ethics, and symphonology. The first theory that will be discussed is utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions. The basic principle of utilitarianism is The Principle of Utility or The Greatest Happiness Principle, Itht states that we ought to do that which produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Market Drugs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In regard to the illegitimate use of prescription drugs, drug manufactures do have a moral responsibility to ensure that their products are not put to such use. Utilitarianism provides an objective way to resolve conflicts of self-interest and encourages a realistic and result oriented approach to moral decision making. Using the utilitarian theory, the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people, is a challenge. If you were simply listening to the general public which is filled with hundreds of thousands of users they would say that the drug manufacnturers have no right getting involved because they know that if drug manufacturer’s did get involved that would make it more difficult for the users to obtain these drugs. If you take a poll of drug users family members, close friends, and anyone who may have had a prescription drug problem they would say that the drug manufactures need to get involved to make it more difficult for the users, especially minors, to get their hands on these drugs. The greatest amount of good would come about only if the people who truly needed these drugs for the purpose in which they were designed used them and the drugs were not being sold on the black market. Drug manufacturer’s should get involved at some level to regulate this situation but they should be held responsible for what happens when they land on the shelves of the stores. At that point, it is the stores responsibility. The manufacturers and store owners both have a moral responsibility. Second is Kantian ethics. Kant believed that moral rules can, in principle, be known as a result of reason alone and are not based on observation. Kant held that only when we act from duty does our action have moral worth. Good will is the only thing that is good in itself. His categorical imperative states that an action is morally right if and only if we can will that the maxim (or principle) represented by our action be a universal law. There are three alternative formulations of the categorical imperative, the first two are the primary formulations. The first is that an act is right only if the actor would be willing to be so treated if the positions of the parties were reversed. The second is that one must always act so as to treat other people as ends, never merely as means. The third is the importance of motivation and of acting on principle, it is not enough to just do the right thing; an action has moral worth only if its done from a sense of duty that is, from a desire to do the right thing for its own sake. Kant’s ethics gives us firm standards that do not depend on results, it injects a humanistic element into moral decision making and stresses the importance of acting on principle and from a sense of duty. With regard to the fact that a congressional crime committee thinks that drug manufacturer’s cannot be blamed if their products are put to illegitimate use would be ridiculous. According to Kant, moral rules can be known as a result of reason alone and are not based on observation. The facts show that there is an ever growing problem with black market drugs and the drug manufactures need to do something to help stop this growing epidemic. Even though the drug manufacturer’s may not agree with what is happening with their drugs, all they see are dollars signs and the more people who abuse their drug equals more money for them. Kant would want them to act on the principle that their drug is harmful to people taking advantage of the high they can get from it. The drug manufacturer’s need to be held somewhat responsible for what is going on right in front of their eyes. Third is natural law theory. The essence of natural law theory is that we should further the inherent ends of human nature and not frustrate human fulfillment. There are 3 tenets in natural law theory. These tenets provide the meaning and the basis of the theory. ) moral law is accessible to human reason; 2) moral law is based on human nature; 3) moral law is universally applicable. In other words, natural moral law is knowable by human reason, applies to all human beings, and is grounded in human nature. Natural law theory is very appealing since it has objective moral values and it equates good with human flourishing. According to the natural law theory you should never interfere with human flourishing. Drug manufactures recognize tha t when used improperly their drugs can be very harmful, so they put warning labels on the bottles. Why then do they know that their drugs are being used illegitimately and do nothing about it? According to natural law theory you should not frustrate human fulfillment but in this situation you need to get in between the people who are addicts and not allow them to add to their addictive ways. If nothing is done by the drug manufactures there will be no human flourishing which is the main principle of the natural law theory. If people keep abusing these prescription drugs and the drug manufacturers don’t do anything these people will eventually die of an overdose or other drug related causes. Natural law theory has objective moral values and with this situation, the moral values should definitely come into play with the drug manufacturer’s and they need to take moral responsibility for what is happening. Fourth is virtue theory. Virtue theory describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior, rather than rules, consequentialism, or social context, which derives rightness or wrongness from the outcome of the act itself rather than character. The virtue theory derives the golden mean which is the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. Virtue ethics is all about the human character. The drug manufacturing companies need to realize that what is happening is unethical and is reflecting upon them. People are looking at them to make the corrections and to step in and change something so that this issue doesn’t progress into something bigger than it already is. Virtue ethics is about the human character, even though these companies aren’t human per say, they affect the lives of many humans and a lot of people are being harmed by what is going on behind the walls of drug manufacturers. The drug manufacturing companies should be held morally responsible for the illegitimate use of these drugs. I don’t believe that there is directly anything they can do to stop the illegitimate use of the drugs but they can step in and do something to make the drugs less readily available to purchase and consume how they were originally intended to be consumed. Fifth is care ethics, which provides a balance for the one-sided traditional ethics of the impersonal and the universal, for it promotes the connectedness of humans. With care ethics the primary moral obligation is to prevent harm and help people. It is concerned with relatedness. The ethics of care is a normative ethical theory often considered a type of virtue ethics. Virtue ethics emphasizes the importance of human relationships and emotion based virtues. With care ethics drug manufacturer’s definitely have a moral responsibility to ensue that their products are not put to illegitimate use. Care ethics is all about preventing harm and helping people, which is exactly what the drug manufacturer’s need to do. They need to step in and put their foot down. These actions cannot continue to happen, it is causing so much harm and it not helping anyone. These drugs were intended to be used in one way and the fact that they are being used in a completely different way is morally wrong in itself, but the fact that the manufacturer’s know that this is happening and nothing is being done is another issue. If they were to step in hopefully that would slow down and eventually stop this growing epidemic. They need to focus on the prevention of harm to people who abuse their product. Sixth is symphonology, which is based on the supposition that an agreement exists between all rational beings. These agreements are contingent upon the bioethical standards of fidelity, beneficence, objectivity, self-assertiveness, freedom and autonomy. Symphonology is based off of the bioethical standards which are, fidelity is adherence to the terms of the agreement. It means faithfulness or commitment or promise to uphold the agreement. Objectivity is a person’s capacity to be aware of things as they are and to be able to act on this awareness. Beneficence means to do good at least do no harm. Freedom means to act independently. It is a person’s capacity to take independent action based on his own evaluation of the situation. Self-Assertion or privacy is a person’s power to control his own time and effort, it is self-ownership. Autonomy is the essential character structure of an individual person. The drug manufacturing companies need to abide by the bioethical standards in order to take moral responsibility for the drug epidemic that is occurring in our nation today. Will they do that? Probably not. Symphonology states that an agreement exists between all rational beings, if the drug manufacturing companies don’t take moral responsibility for the drug problem going on there will never be an agreement between the people who know what is going on and want to do something about it and the addicts themselves. The theories that I believe best answer the dilemma are Kantian ethics and also care ethics. Kant’s ethics gives us firm standards that do not depend on results; it injects a humanistic element into moral decision making and stresses the importance of acting on principle and from a sense of duty. With regards the drug manufacturer’s being held morally responsible for the every growing illegitimate usage of the drugs using Kant’s ethics they would need to think more humanistic and make the morally right decision which would be to step in and take action with the drug problem. Even though they can’t completely stop the illegal usage of their drugs the manufacturer’s can set regulations so that only certain people can get their hands on the drugs. The second theory that best answers the dilemma is care ethics. Care ethics is all about preventing harm and helping people. That is exactly what the manufacturing companies need to be doing. There are so many different approaches that they could take to slow down and stop this problem. They could use different ingredients so that they don’t have the harmful affects on people or the addictive qualities. The congressional crime committee that said that the drug manufacturer’s cannot be blamed if their products are put to illegitimate use, is absurd. They should absolutely be held responsible. If these companies used care ethics they would be running a morally sound and ever growing drug manufacturing company, instead of being scrutinized because their drugs are being sold illegally on the black market and are very addictive. Even though these companies aren’t actual humans and they don’t have feelings or morals like a human will, they are run by people and it is up to those people to make the right decisions. With care ethics these people can guide their company in the right direction and abide by the care ethics standard which is to prevent harm and help people. I believe with care ethics and with Kantian ethics the companies should be held morally responsible and they will over achieve every obstacle put in their way and run a morally successful company.

Grief Over Yellow River essays

Grief Over Yellow River essays The movie Grief over the yellow river showed the brutality of the Japanese during their occupation in China during the Second World War The whole movie revolved around Owen, an American veteran pilot who went back to China fifty years after World War II in order to pay visit to the places where a group of Chinese once helped him. It all started when Owens plane crashed and a Chinese boy rescued him yet; unfortunately the boy died later. Owen was later found by Angie, a Chinese woman surgeon and some members of the 8th route army. Owen was given shelter and food by the Chinese group. He also met the family members of the Chinese group. Owen saw the causalities done by the Japanese to the Chinese villages. The Japanese soon found out that Owen was with the Chinese and wanted to capture him. The Chinese protected Owen from the Japanese and willingly sacrificed their lives though there were some Chinese who worked to the Japanese. Owen and his little companion used the yellow river as an escape route from the Japanese. All the Chinese who helped Owen died. Owen was never captured by the Japanese and survived the Second World War. Lots of patriotism was shown during the whole film. Angie, let herself drown in the last chapter of the movie; one could have thought she would add as another burden to her fellow companions with her injuries and made the idea of sacrificing herself for the country. This kind of attitude was also shown by one of Angies comrade who was a one-man attacking machine against the Japanese. Angie depicted a true heroine during the whole film; she may not be that strong during combat but she had the heart to serve her country. The lives of every Chinese during the Second World War were at risk. They were living in sub-par conditions and death may always come up to them. The Japanese were in full control and had the power of killing anyone who comes over their way. The Americans were in th ...

The Athlete's Shack Wireless Upgrade Term Paper

The Athlete's Shack Wireless Upgrade - Term Paper Example 2 Assessment For catering the needs of the business for TAS, there is a requirement of secure and effective wireless network connectivity for all the 10 stores within the same area. There are no requirements for establishing connectivity on long distant stores. However, security is a primary concern, as data channels will be established in the environment. For addressing the security issue, Cisco provides rich features and adds an extra layer of security on the wireless networks. The embedded security technologies on a wireless architecture are now standardized, as they are available by default in all vendor manufactured wireless devices. Some of these technologies are WEP, WPA etc. Moreover, after securing the data in transit by encryption, we have also proposed a wireless intrusion prevention system that will continuously monitor and prevent the network from cyber threats. However, there is no guarantee of the network security, if the iPads are misused and stolen or snatched from o ne of the employees of TAS. For addressing human threats, acceptable use policy and password policies will be implemented. 3 Solution As the TAS environment requires wireless connectivity, ‘access points’ are required. ‘Access points’ are the device which is used to connect devices equipped with wireless technology. ‘Access points’ transmits and receive radio signals adjacent to a network hub over a limited distance. However, distant varies from different model types and wireless technology adopted. The TAS requirement is to provide access of network resources to the staff for connecting the iPads. Cisco delivers a borderless mobility experience which gives users access to the information and resources with the quality and performance. 3.1 Wireless connectivity of TAS sites TAS haw 10 stores within the same area, and there is no information regarding the distance of each of these sites with each other. When designing a wireless point to point c onnectivity, the distance is always considered due to limitation of wireless technology. Cost is also a major factor when implementing and designing a wireless network. There are two methodologies which can be adopted for connecting all 10 sites to provide Internet connectivity. 3.1.1 Wi-Fi 802.11/y It is a relatively new wireless standard defined by IEEE 802.11 standards with more enhanced capabilities as compared to 802.11n. It operates on 3.6 to 3.7 GHz on 54 Mbps with the distance of 3 miles (Parsons & Oja, 2009). The distance which is required to connect all of these 10 sites can be achieved by connecting via 802.11y Wi-Fi technology. However this technology is currently available only in United States of America. The hardware which is required to connect all these 10 sites is relatively of low cost. This is a low cost solution but it has certain limitations as it is available only in the United States. There are very few IEEE 802.11y complaint devices available. The router can be installed at any one end of either side to broadcast the signals

Hypersensitivity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hypersensitivity - Essay Example On the other hand, simple organic substances are more commonly known to cause delayed reactions. An individual may be exposed to these allergens through inhalation, ingestion, injection, or skin contact. (Porth, 2002) The classifications of hypersensitivity are not dependent on severity, but the type of cells, and location of tissues that is affected. Hypersensitivity reactions are classified into four types: type I (mediated by IgE), type II (tissue-specific), type III (immune-complex mediated), and type IV (cell-mediated) (Holmes, 2003). The first three types are mediated by antibodies, and the fourth type is mediated by T-cells, which produce a delayed reaction or onset of symptoms. However, it is seldom that one type occurs in isolation from the other (Nowak & Handford, 2004). During a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, an individual is usually prescribed with bronchodilators, steroids, and antihistamines. This paper will discuss type I hypersensitivity or anaphylactic hypersensitivity, as well as the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the three agents mentioned above. In addition, Chinese herbal medicines will also be briefly discussed. This type describes the allergy as the immediate hypersensitivty or anaphylactic hypersensit... In addition, Chinese herbal medicines will also be briefly discussed. Type I Hypersensitivity This type describes the allergy as the immediate hypersensitivty or anaphylactic hypersensitivity. It is mediated by the IgE antibody, which results to mast cell degranulation (Porth, 2003). The most common examples are systemic anaphylaxis, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, eczema, and asthma. The mucous membranes of the organs are very richly supplied with mast cells that are filled with IgE antibodies, and these mast cells are ideally located to be able to detect the entry of antigens. Upon initial entry, the individual or host will not manifest any symptoms or reactions. However, the cells have already captured and processed the allergen, and the antigen has then bound with IgE on mast cells, which have caused the cells to degranulate. These granules then spread into the circulation and binds with the mast cells throughout the body. Subsequently, the host is ready for the next contact with the allergen. (Nowak & Handford, 2004) Now during the second exposure, the mast cells are activated, causing the release of mediators, which then result to the immediate responses of the immune system, and this response is mostly cause by the release of preformed histamines (Ewan, 1998; Nowak & Handford, 2004). Kay (2001) gave a concise aetiology of acute allergy. She summarized that immediate hypersensitivity is brought about by the release of preformed granule-associated mediators, membrane derived lipids, cytokines, and chemokines when an allergen interacts with IgE that is bound to mast cells or basophils by the high affinity IgE receptors. In addition, the primary inducers of IgE are interleukin-4 and

Learning contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning contracts - Essay Example mises are, so as to understand both the customers and staff and I understand the varying personalities of the different types of customers, for example, regular and non regulars, students and non students, young and old, fat and not fat and many more. Thus, I know how to creatively use my position in gearing the company to analyse and understand its customers. My social skills are above average as I have learned social psychology and given the level of my work experience which cuts across varied socio economic backgrounds, I have been able to blend this with my education background in this field to equip myself to be a professional. My goal is to run my own pizza company. To demonstrate that I have met the outcome, I keep records and analyse the customer turnover and customer staff relation, which show the level of impact I have on my subordinates in steering and motivating them and equipping them with the skills to deliver good pizzas and service. I do this by personally going through contents in the suggestion box and questionnaires among others. P1. Reflect on your performance during the work placement and on what you have learned, applying appropriate theories of learning and reflective techniques, and providing evidence to support your conclusions My performance has been regarded by my superiors as impressive, since I have helped them to significantly promote their brand name, while the junior staffs see me as a sociable and likable person due to my ease in relating with them and the customers. Carrying out my duties, I have applied my knowledge of Maslow hierarchy of needs to critically analyse and understand the company. I have been voted employee of the month 5 times in a row. T1. Operate effectively in the work situation, exercising behaviours, attitudes and work skills (e.g. communication, team-working, problem solving, motivation and self-management) appropriate to your job/role and work

A Justification Of The Caste System Bhagavad Gita Religion Essay

A Justification Of The Caste System Bhagavad Gita Religion Essay People in Hindu society are born into different castes with different qualities and their responsibility of fulfilling their dharma, which means scared duties, is inevitable. A passage In the Bhagavad Gita reveals that mankind is created into four classes: I created mamkind in four classes, / different in their qualities and actions; (The Bhagavad Gita 53). This indicates that born caste are not changeable, since they are set when individuals are created. The text then describes that each caste has its specific dharma and emphasize the restricted dharma on the idea that dharma is fixed by birth, as the text continues: The actions of priests, warriors, /commoners, and servants/ are appointed by the qualities/ born of their intrinsic being (The Bhagavad Gita 141). Such restricted social expectations are reflected in the caste system in Hindu society. Furthermore, we can see this restricted expectation when the Lord Krishna convinces Arjuna to perform his duty as a warrior: Look to your own duty; / do not tremble before it; / nothing is better for a warrior/ than a battle of sacred duty (The Bhagavad Gita 36). The lord Krishna wants Arjuna to perform his duties even if doing so is against his will. We can see that personal goals and emotions are suppressed when one performs dharma against ones will, and no matter what one is forced to perform caste duties. This strictness of caste duty is state clearly in the text: No one exists for even an instant / without performing action; / however unwilling, every being is forced / to act by the qualities of nature (The Bhagavad Gita 43). This describes the absoluteness of the caste system and that caste duties are the highest priority in ones actions. By creating such strict order, the Bhagavad Gita reinforces the hierarchy structure of the caste system. In addition, the Bhagavad Gita uses fear to further ensure that people follow their caste duties, by stating that failure to act accordingly to ones duties is considered sinful and will create disorder in family and society. Such idea is stated in the text: When the family is ruined, / the timeless laws of family duty / perish; and when duty is lost, / chaos overwhelms the family (The Bhagavad Gita 29). This creates a fear that is one does not follow than one will bring chaos to the family. More ove the text continues to describe the consequences of misbehavior. The text states:The sins of men who violate/ the family create disorder in society/ that undermines the constant laws/ of caste and family duty (The Bhagavad Gita 29). The text attach the word sin in order to attach the quilt to the wrong doings. This passage alsosets the definition of good and bad by warning not to violate the law of caste and by setting such definition the society is further restricted to confined social cl asses. Furthermore, since individual disobedience can bring disorder to the society as a whole, social pressure will be stressed on the individual who refuses the follow. This brings mutual responsibility in such a way that everyone needs to make sure everyone else follow the rule, so that the society as a whole can avoid disaster. The Bhagavad Gita creates great psychological pressure that concretes the caste system. According to the Bhagavad Gita, the ideal way to perform caste duties is by detachment: Always perform with detachment / any action you must do; performing action with detachment, / one achieves supreme good ( The Bhagavad Gita 45). By detaching from ones emotion, it is easier to endure the suffering of performing caste duties especially in the lay caste since their duties are the most miserable. We see this idea of detachment when the lord Krishna tells Aryuna to fight and not be influence by his own emotions. Moreover, this idea of detachment creates an indifference to the good and bad, poor and wealth. According to the text, when one views things with detachment, one will not see the materialistic inequality between them. We see this state of detachment in the passages: Self-reliant, impartial to suffering / and joy, to clay, stone, or gold, / the resolute man is the same / to foe and friend, to blame and praise ( The Bhagavad Gita 24). This reduces the anger of the lower caste pe ople who are not satisfied with the caste system. Therefore, this detachment promoted in the Bhagavad Gita strengthens the caste system by making each castes focus on their caste duties The idea of equality in all living beings is briefly discussed in the Bhagavad Gita, but one should not take it as indication of that social equality is promoted in Hindu society, since it does not reflects in the structure of Hindu society but only in a spiritual way. One may interprets certain passages in the Bhagavad Gita to argue against the caste system. For instance, the lord Krishna says to Arjuna: Learned men see with an equal eye / a scholarly and dignified priest, / a cow, an elephant, a dog/ and even an outcaste scavenger (The Bhagavad Gita 61). The word equal eye mentioned in this quote describes one of the key ideas in the Bhagavad Gita that every individual are originally in the brahmin caste and has the same spiritual quality. However, this spiritual equality does not reflects in the societal structure and it even reinforces the caste system by reducing the oppressiveness of the caste system because it makes the people in the lower caste feel that they are equal with t he people in the higher caste. This spiritual equality comes from the idea that every living thing is created from the Lord Braham. This oneness of all living beings is also mentioned in one of the passage: Arming himself with discipline, / seeing everything with equal eye, / he sees the self in all creatures/ and all creatue / see in the self (The Bhagavad Gita 69). Therefore, even the Bhagavad Gita mentions equality in some way, it only serves as a reinforcement of the caste system. In addition, another reinforcement of the caste system mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita is that by focusing on ones scared duties every individual can achieve the ultimate goal which is escaping from the cycle of rebirth. The state of being free from the cycle of death and rebirth is called moksha and can only be attained through fulfilling ones own caste duties (Bentley and Ziegler 184). This idea is conveyed when the Lord Krishna tells Arjuna to do what he must do in order to attain the everlasting peace. Moreover, the idea of devoting ones self to caste duties to attain moksha not only further defines the differentiation of each caste but also comforts the suffering of the lower caste by telling them that they will be able to achieve the final goal if they devote to their own caste: Each one achieves success / by focusing on his own action; / hear how one finds success / by focusing on his own action (The Bhagavad Gita 142). Furthermore, this quotes mentions own actions which indica tes the specific duties in each castes and that every castes has different paths toward attaining moksha. Such indication promotes greater separations of the classes in society. The idea of reincarnation in the Bhagavad Gita provides a promise for the people in lower caste that if they devote them self to their caste and endure sufferings from their lower social status, they will be able to attain a better next life. This idea of reincarnation rewards people who follow the caste and punish people who do not. According to the text, a person will continues to suffer until he is reborn to a higher caste:Fallen in discipline, he reaches / worlds made by his virtue, wherin he dwells / for endless years, until he is reborn / in a house of upright and noble men (The Bhagavad Gita 41). However the only way to be reborn into a higher caste is to accept the sufferings in the current life and devote to ones caste duties. As the text continues, it states that one needs to be purified his sins with effort and it is not a simple task: The man of discipline, striving / with effort, purified of his sins, / perfected through many births, / finds a higher way (The Bhagavad Gi ta 45). Therefore, this idea of reincarnation not only gives the people in the lower caste a purpose to endure their sufferings but also provides them psychological supports that comfort their inferiority in Hindu society. Through this, we can see how the Bhagavad Gita reinforces the caste system by providing spiritual supports that reduce the oppressiveness in the caste system. All the emphasis on duty, moksha , caste separation, and reincarnation in the Bhagavad Gita show the intension to justify the Hierarchically ordered caste system in Hindu society. Bhagavad Gita creates strict order that solidifies the caste rules, and set out a final goal, moksha to unite the castes but separates each castes path toward moksha to further differentiate each caste. While the Bhagavad Gita does mention equality, it does not apply in the materialistic sense. However, the equality is applied in a higher sense that does not contradict the caste system but reinforce it instead. The Bhagavad Gita with no doubt plays a key role in the Hindu society, since it is so closely related to their social structure and caste life. Through those previous discussions, we are able to see that the Bhagavad Gita not only creates strict rules and fears that endure the obedience within the system, but also uses religious goal and philosophy of detachment to further brain wash the people in th e Hindu society. It is clear that the ideas and philosophies presented in the Bhagavad Gita reinforces the caste system and justifies the inequality in the hierarchical social structure of the Hindu society.

Motor Cyclists Essay

Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour Barry Watson Deborah Tunnicliff Katy White Cynthia Schonfeld Darren Wishart Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety (CARRS-Q) Queensland University of Technology August 2007 Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour i Published by: Postal address: Office location: Telephone: Facsimile: E-mail: Internet: Australian Transport Safety Bureau PO Box 967, Civic Square ACT 2608 15 Mort Street, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory 1800 621 372; from overseas + 61 2 6274 6440 02 6274 3117; from overseas + 61 2 6274 3117 atsbinfo@atsb. gov. au www. atsb. gov. au  © CARRS-Q, Queensland University of Technology 2006 To encourage the dissemination of this publication, it may be copied, downloaded, displayed, printed, reproduced, and distributed in unaltered form (retaining this notice). Subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968, no other use of the material in this publication may be made without the authorisation of the Queensland University of Technology. ii Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL INFORMATION Report No. RSRG 2007-04 Publication date August 2007 No. of pages 152 ISBN 978 0 642 25564 8 ISSN Publication title Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour Author(s) Barry Watson, Deborah Tunnicliff, Katy White, Cynthia Schonfeld, Darren Wishart. Organisation that prepared this document Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety Queensland University of Technology GPO Box 2434 Brisbane QLD 4001. Sponsor [Available from] Australian Transport Safety Bureau PO Box 967, Civic Square ACT 2608 Australia www. atsb. gov. au Project Officer John Collis Reference No. Aug2007/DOTARS 50323. Abstract This report documents two studies undertaken to identify and assess the psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider behaviour. The primary aim of the research was to develop a Rider Risk Assessment Measure (RRAM), which would act as a tool for identifying high-risk riders by assessing rider intentions and self-reported behaviour. The first study (n = 47) involved a qualitative exploration of rider perceptions utilising a focus-group methodology. This study identified six key aspects of rider behaviour considered to influence safety: motorcycle handling skills; rider awareness; riding while impaired or not; and the tendency to bend road rules, push limits, and ride at extreme speeds or perform stunts. Study two (n = 229) was survey-based and examined the psychological and social factors influencing these behaviours, utilising the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and other relevant psychological constructs, such as sensation seeking and aggression. This study indicated that risky rider intentions were primarily influenced by attitudes and sensation seeking, while safer intentions were influenced by perceived behavioural control. While intentions significantly predicted all six types of behaviour, sensation seeking and a propensity for aggression emerged as significant predictors, particularly for the volitional risk-taking behaviours. The measures of intention and behaviour comprising the RRAM were not found to be significantly correlated with self-reported crash involvement, possibly indicating shortcomings in the measurement of crashes. However, significant correlations were found between the components of the RRAM and self-reported traffic offence involvement. While further work is required to refine and validate the RRAM, it represents a potential tool for informing and evaluating motorcycle rider safety countermeasures. Keywords Motorcycle safety, theory of planned behaviour, sensation seeking, aggression Notes (1) (2) ATSB reports are disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Australian Government or the ATSB. Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour iii CONTENTS Executive summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background Motorcycle riding is rapidly increasing in popularity in Australia, attracting a much wider demographic of people than in decades past. Unfortunately, whilst the overall number of road deaths in Australia has generally been reducing, the proportion of motorcycle-related fatalities has been rising in recent years. Further, the proportion of motorcycle-related fatalities in Australia is unacceptably high compared with other OECD countries. To reduce motorcycle-related fatalities on Australian roads, there is an urgent need to consider motorcyclists as distinct from other road users. This program of research facilitates the understanding of safety issues from a motorcyclist perspective and provides important information on factors influencing safe and unsafe rider intentions and behaviour. The aims of this program of research were to: †¢ develop a better understanding of the psychological and social influences on rider behaviour in an Australian context; †¢ guide the development of future motorcycle safety countermeasures; and †¢ develop a tool (the Rider Risk Assessment Measure – RRAM) to inform the evaluation of motorcycle safety countermeasures, particularly in the area of training and education. To achieve these aims, two particular studies were undertaken: a qualitative study of motorcycle rider perceptions utilising a focus-group methodology and a survey-based quantitative study of selfreported rider intentions and behaviour. Both studies were underpinned by a theoretical framework drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), identity theory, social identity theory, and other relevant psychological concepts such as sensation seeking and aggression. Key findings Study 1 explored motorcyclists’ perceptions relating to ‘safe’ and ‘risky’ riding and the different personal and social factors that influenced their behaviour. A total of 43 people participated in this study, either as part of a focus group or as an interviewee. This exploratory process revealed six types of behaviours which were commonly believed to influence the safety (or riskiness) of motorcycle riding. These six behaviours are discussed below. Two behaviours were identified as being particularly essential to rider safety. The first was the necessity of being able to handle the motorcycle proficiently and skilfully. The second related to the need for riders to maintain a high level of concentration whilst riding and to stay aware of the changing road environment. In contrast, there was some debate about the inherent safety or riskiness of the two next behaviours commonly identified. Firstly, some riders believed that obeying the road rules was essential to their safety, whilst others reported that it was often necessary to break the road rules in order to stay safe. Secondly, the definition of what constituted ‘riding whilst impaired’ differed amongst riders. Most riders agreed that ‘drinking and riding’ was dangerous. However, for some, even one alcoholic drink before riding was considered dangerous, whilst others would ride after drinking provided they did not consider themselves to be over the legal BAC limit. Some riders stated that riding when viii Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour they were tired was dangerous; however, fatigue was not considered a serious safety issue for many participants. Two further behaviours identified by participants were often associated with their accounts of crash involvement, yet not seen as intrinsically ‘unsafe’ by most riders. The first of these was the concept of ‘pushing your limits’. Most riders interviewed appeared to enjoy pushing the limits of their ability on a motorcycle. Whilst agreeing that pushing the limits too far was dangerous, pushing them to a point that tested a rider’s abilities was often reported to facilitate safety as this process developed a rider’s skill. The second behaviour that was often mentioned in connection with crashes was extreme riding (e. g. , performing stunts and riding at extreme speeds). The act of perfecting a stunt was often reported to result in the crashing of the motorcycle, although these crashes were usually accepted as a normal part of the learning process. Once perfected, performing stunts did not appear to be considered an intrinsically unsafe behaviour, unless performed in traffic or other unpredictable situations. A sizable minority of both male and female participants reported riding at extreme speeds. These riders often argued that they could ride extremely fast, safely, on public roads provided certain conditions were met (e. g. good visibility, minimal traffic, weather, road, and motorcycle maintenance). Study 2 involved 229 active motorcyclists who completed a questionnaire assessing: their riding intentions and self-reported behaviour; the psychological and social factors influencing these intentions and behaviour; and their self-reported involvement in road crashes and traffic offences over the last two years. The questionnaire was structured around the six types of rider behaviour identified as important in Study 1. Key results of this study are discussed below. In order to obtain an insight into the factors underpinning both ‘safe’ and ‘risky’ behaviour, the six areas of interest were operationalised as three ‘safer’ behavioural intentions (i. e. handle the motorcycle skilfully, maintain 100% awareness, not ride impaired) and three ‘riskier’ intentions which represented more volitional risk-taking (i. e. bend the road rules, push the limits, perform stunts or ride at extreme speeds). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were then performed to assess the influence of different psychological and social factors on these intentions. These analyses indicated that a greater proportion of variance could be explained in the case of the riskier riding intentions [R2 ranging from 57% – 66%] than the safer riding intentions [R2 ranging from 22% – 36%]. The TPB construct of perceived behavioural control (PBC) significantly predicted all three ‘safer’ intentions, while attitude was a significant predictor of the three riskier intentions. In terms of the social influences, the TPB construct of subjective norm (which assesses the influence of others considered important) proved a relatively weak predictor of behaviour. However, the measure of specific subjective norm (i. e. the influence of the people that someone rides with) emerged as a significant predictor of three of the six intentions. Over and above this, a propensity for sensation seeking was found to be significant predictor of the three risky intentions. Overall, a similar pattern of results emerged when the self-reported behaviours of the participants were examined. Firstly, while the various psychological and social variables examined in the study significantly predicted all six behaviours, considerably larger amounts of variance were explained for the three volitional risk-taking behaviours, i. e. bend road rules to get through traffic [R2 = . 67], push my limits [R2 = . 59] and perform stunts and/or ride at extreme speeds [R2 = . 69]. Secondly, the results were largely consistent with the tenets of the TPB, with intentions proving a significant predictor of all six behaviours. Thirdly, sensation seeking, along with rider aggression, emerged as a strong predictor of all six behaviours. Indeed, together, these two variables accounted for between 7 – 20% of additional variance in the six behaviours. Not surprisingly, these two variables accounted for relatively large amounts of additional variance in the ride while impaired [R2 ch = . 20] and the perform stunts and/or ride at extreme speeds [R2 ch = . 15] variables. Unfortunately, no significant correlations were found between the various measures of intention and behaviour operationalised in Study 2 and the self-reported crash involvement of the participants. It Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour ix is possible that this indicates that the six behaviours of interest, in reality, do not have a close relationship with crash involvement. However, this conclusion does not seem consistent with either the findings of Study 1 or the research evidence reviewed in Chapter 2. More likely, the findings highlight shortcomings in the size of the sample and/or the way that crash involvement was measured in the study. In particular, given that crashes are relatively rare events, crashes were measured over a two year period in order to ensure that (some) participants would have experienced a sufficient number of crashes to facilitate the analyses. However, this raises the possibility of recall problems that may have reduced the accuracy and reliability of the data, while the two year period may have been too long to accurately reflect the current intentions and behaviour of the participants. In contrast, the majority of the intention and behaviour measures were found to be significantly correlated with self-reported traffic offence involvement. In particular, significant associations were found between self-reported traffic offences and the three ‘riskier’ intentions examined in the study (i. e. those relating to more volitional risk-taking, namely, bend the road rules, push my limits and perform stunts and/or ride at extreme speeds). In addition, significant associations were found between traffic offence involvement and five of the six self-reported behaviours examined (the only exception being for awareness errors). These results don’t necessarily confirm the inherent ‘riskiness’ of the behaviours examined, since engaging in an illegal behaviour may not always result in a crash. However, they do provide prima facia evidence supporting the validity of the intention and behaviour measures developed in this study. Strengths and limitations of the research This program of research featured a number of strengths. Firstly, it was firmly grounded in theory; secondly, it utilised both qualitative and quantitative methods to obtain a broad insight into the factors influencing motorcycle rider behaviour; thirdly, the design of the research was informed by input from active motorcyclists; and finally, it adopted a balanced approach to motorcycle safety by examining both safe and risky riding intentions and behaviour. Nonetheless, the program of research also had a number of limitations. Both Studies 1 and 2 consisted of participants primarily recruited from South East Queensland. In addition, the participants were volunteers who were generally older in age. As a result, the samples used in this research may not be representative of Australian motorcyclists in general, but instead reflect a subset of older, primarily recreational, riders. This should be borne in mind when interpreting the results. Furthermore, a number of other potential limitations in the Study 2 questionnaire design emerged during the analysis of the results. These included the way that fatigue was grouped with alcohol and drugs to assess intentions and behaviour relating to riding while impaired and, as noted above, the manner in which crash involvement was measured. Implications of the research At a theoretical level, this program of research has confirmed that the predictive utility of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) can be substantially improved by the addition of other variables. In particular, this research demonstrated that subjective norm (SN) was a relatively weak predictor of intentions and that the specific subjective norm (SSN) (i.e. assessing the influence of those people that someone rides with) performed relatively better as a measure of social influence. Moreover, both sensation seeking and the propensity to ride aggressively proved significant predictors of all six behaviours examined, over and above the TPB and other social influence variables. The findings relating to sensation seeking are consistent with previous research in the traffic psychology area. x Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour. However, the results relating to aggression warrant more attention, since this variable proved a relatively stronger predictor than sensation seeking of the error-based behaviours (i. e. handling errors and awareness errors), the ride while impaired behaviour, and the perform stunts and/or ride at extreme speeds behaviour. This suggests that the propensity to ride aggressively has a broader influence on rider behaviour, which is not limited to the more volitional risk-taking types of behaviours. At a practical level, this program of research has identified a number of ways to enhance current motorcycle safety countermeasures, particularly in the area of rider training and education. Most particularly, it has identified a range of psychological and social influences on rider intentions and behaviour that appear to be beyond the scope of current skills-based approaches to motorcycle training and education. Consequently, further work is required to develop and trial new approaches to rider training and education that more effectively address the attitudinal and motivational influences on riding, both of a personal and social nature. To assist in this process, this research has undertaken the first steps in the development of the Rider Risk Assessment Measure (RRAM). This tool is intended to act as a means of identifying high-risk riders by assessing their intentions and self-reported behaviour (in relation to both ‘safe’ and ‘risky’ riding). While further work is required to refine and validate the RRAM, it represents a tool that can be used in a variety of ways to enhance motorcycle safety countermeasures, including informing the design and content of training programs and evaluating the impact of different  initiatives on rider behaviour. Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge the funding support provided by the Australian Government, through the Australian Transport Safety Bureau’s (ATSB) Road Safety Research Grants Programme. The development and conduct of this study has involved the contribution of a large number of people. While it is difficult to acknowledge all the individuals that have contributed, the authors would like to thank: †¢ †¢ Mr John Collis from the ATSB for his ongoing advice and support; those people who assisted us organise the focus groups, from organisations such as Queensland Transport, Motorcycle Riders Association Queensland, Ulysses, and Q-Ride providers; personnel from the Queensland Police Service, particularly the Logan and Brisbane West Districts, who assisted in the distribution of the pilot and main questionnaires at various motorcycle events; The ongoing support for motorcycle research from Morgan and Wacker Pty Ltd; and the assistance of Morgan & Wacker Motorcycle Training Centre, particularly Mr Fred Davies, in the finalisation and distribution of the Study 2 questionnaire.   xii Psychological and social factors influencing motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS ABS ATSB BAC Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Transport Safety Bureau [formerly Federal Office of Road Safety (FORS)]. Blood Alcohol Concentration. In Australia, the legal amount of alcohol that may be present in the blood is 0. 05% if the driver or rider is on an unrestricted licence. It is usually measured either by a police breathalyser or a by a blood test (see also Over the limit). A person who identifies with, and belongs to, an organised outlaw motorcycle club. Club members ride motorcycles and often wear jackets with ‘patches’ which identify the club they belong to (Veno, 2002). A motorcycle enthusiast. May or may not belong to a motorcycle club (Krige, 1995a). Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queensland. A study design which collects data on the perceptions or behaviours of subjects at one point in time, as opposed to a longitudinal.

Growth Mindset Essay

Asking Effective Questions Problem Solving Approach in mathematics classroom because it engages student in inquiry, prompting them to build on and improve their current knowledge as they â€Å"construct† explanations and help them solve tasks at hand. In a â€Å"Constructivist classroom† students are seen as the ones who are actively creating their own knowledge†. This is done through questioning to h I need respect, motivation, encouragement, determination, to have confidence in your students. 8 Tips for Effective Questioning 1. Anticipate Student Thinking (plan the possible questions to stimulate thinking and deepen student understanding 2. Link to Learning Goals 3. Pose open ended questions 0 help build students’ self-confidence, help them respond at their own stage of development and allow for differentiation Invitational stems that use plural forms and exploratory language invite reflection. Huinker and Freckman (2004, p. 256) suggest the following examples: As you think about†¦ Given what you know about†¦ In regard to the decisions you made†¦ From previous work with students†¦ When you think about..As you consider†¦ In what ways†¦ In your planning†¦ Take a minute. 4. Pose Questions that actually need to be answered 5. Incorporate verbs that elicit higher levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy Verbs such as connect, elaborate, evaluate and justify prompt students to communi- cate their thinking and understanding, to deepen their understanding and to extend their learning. Huinker and Freckman (2004, p. 256) provide a list of verbs that elicit specific cognitive processes to engage thinking: observe notice remember contrast interpret evaluate summarize visualize (â€Å"see†) differ distinguish decide identify compare predict explain conclude infer relate consider describe 6. Pose Questions that Open up conversations to include others. 7. Keep Questions Neutral 8. Provide Wait Time (use strategies such as turn and talk, think-pair-share and round robin to give students time to articulate and clarify their thinking Ms Hastings does use different Instructional Strategies. She builds strong relationships with her students, set high expectations for performance and has a good understanding of their needs to reach success in her classroom. Ms Hastings first has a strong belief in the â€Å"Growth Mindset† by setting high expectations and showing student they can learn as opposed to the belief of â€Å"either you are good at math or not†. Teacher shows students how they can succeed and achieve through â€Å"application and experience†. Their words and actions make it clear that the past does not dictate the future. If a teacher promotes the â€Å"growth mind-set†, they can focus students on â€Å"self-development, self-motivation and responsibility† and help them develop the mental determination to continue to improve. She clearly sets objectives and provides feedback to her students to help them progress. By reinforcing effort and providing recognition, students believe they can succeed. These strategies all provide students with the belief that they can positively affect their learning She also uses various strategies to promote thinking and learning in the classroom. She uses cooperative learning, uses effective questioning and graphic organizers. She uses team building exercises and forms a base group, in which they learn and work together for the semester. In reading the Capacity Building Monograph in â€Å"Asking Effective Questions in Mathematics† in showed how you can change Learning to becoming something you get for a short time to permananence and building a deeper understanding. In Ms. Hastings class, the 8 tips provided in this monograph are great strategies being used in Ms. Hastings class. One of the most important influences in student achievement is the relationship between teacher and students (Hattlie, 2009). By Ms. Hastings telling success stories this provides encouragement to her students. Ms. Hastings class is preparing her students with the skills of the â€Å"21st Century Learner†. She is doing this by helping her students set personal learning goals, self-assessment for understanding, therefore, making learning permanent, accessing tools and resources for enhancing their understanding and using their learning in rich meaningful tasks in real-world contexts. These students will learn problem-solving, critical thinking and using their prior knowledge and skills to apply them to new situations. Two challenges faced by adolescents is the belief they are not good at math, therefore, find it challenging and are less engaged in math class. The second challenge is to make math learning become permanent through student engagement. This means using Instructional Strategies to ensure students are engaged in their own learning and self-assessment. One of the challenges faced by adolescents is the belief they are â€Å"not good at math†. This may be imparted by their parents belief they were not good at mathematics and do not ask more from their children. There needs to be a shift from this belief from all adults involved. They must recognize and affirm the importance of mathematical literacy for all. In the Ministry’s Numeracy Report (2004), students need the â€Å"ability to deal with the  fundamental notions of number and change in order to make sense of mathematical information presented in everyday contexts† (Paulos, 1988, pg.). Mathematical literacy in important for both employment and post-secondary admissions. Therefore, as teachers, we need to take advantage of the abundant opportunities for fostering mathematical literacy across the curriculum. As with Ms. Hastings, has a strong belief in the â€Å"Growth Mindset† by setting high expectations and showing student they can learn as opposed to the belief of â€Å"either you are good at math or not†. Teacher shows students how they can succeed and achieve through â€Å"application and experience†. Their words and actions make it clear that the past does not dictate the future. If a teacher promotes the â€Å"growth mind-set†, they can focus students on â€Å"self-development, self-motivation and responsibility† and help them develop the mental determination to continue to improve. She clearly sets objectives and provides feedback to her students to help them progress. By reinforcing effort and providing recognition, students believe they can succeed. These strategies all provide students with the belief that they can positively affect their learning She also uses various strategies to promote thinking and learning in the classroom. She uses cooperative learning, uses effective questioning and graphic organizers. She uses teambuilding exercises and forms a base group, in which they learn and work together for the semester. The second challenge faced by adolescent if to ensure their learning has â€Å"permanence†. This is done through strong conceptual foundations in math and ample opportunities for students to demonstrate their knowledge. I also believe that as teachers we need to use effective instructional strategies to emphasize student ability to think, use problem-solving skills and build on prior knowledge. Ms. Hastings uses various strategies to promote thinking and learning in the classroom. She uses cooperative learning, uses effective questioning and graphic organizers. She uses team building exercises and forms a base group, in which they learn and work together for the semester. In reading the Capacity Building Monograph in â€Å"Asking Effective Questions in Mathematics† in showed how you can change Learning to becoming something you get for a short time to permanence and building a deeper understanding. In Ms. Hastings class, the 8 tips provided in this monograph are great strategies being used in Ms. Hastings class. One of the most important influences in student achievement is the relationship between teacher and students (Hattlie, 2009). By Ms. Hastings telling success stories this provides encouragement to her students. Ms. Hastings class is preparing her students with the skills of the â€Å"21st Century Learner†. She is doing this by helping her students set personal learning goals, self-assessment for understanding, therefore, making learning permanent, accessing tools and resources for enhancing their understanding and using their learning in rich meaningful tasks in real-world contexts. These students will learn problem-solving, critical thinking and using their prior knowledge and skills to apply them to new situations. To be able to prepare our students as 21st Century Learners, we need to increase our math competence through professional learning to be more effective. The Expert Panels Report on Student Success in Ontario Mathematical Literacy, Grades 7-12 (May 2004) looked at at-risk mathematical learners and came up with a number of themes: Effective teaching and learning begins with the needs to the adolescent learners and have a good understanding of their development stages Connect the learning in math to the lives of the students (having rich meaningful tasks that connect to real-life contexts) Ensuring they have a strong conceptual foundations to be able to apply their knowledge and continue their learning Instructional learning strategies empahisize problem solving and building and one’s own understandings To improve students’ performance, teachers need to link instruction more closely to assessment More professional learning opportunities for teachers to strengthen their competence in math Technology to support learning and have more accessibility to students who are struggling in math Also extra support for  Ã¢â‚¬Å"at risk† students to close the gap Strong leadership and strong planning to create an effective learning environment in which all the needs of the students are met and success is promoted. 2. Changing Climate – Transforming Classroom Culture Dan Myer Inquiry Based Learning Being interest in students thinking How my teachers see them in a sincere way and shed the idea of controlling the process Bring the student who are not strong in the foundations Gains in achievement – multimedia helped students who are identified at risk or LD Teach as we are taught, memorization, calculations, learning formulas, doing math and debrief M.J. Hobbs Senior P.S. –DI 7-8 Differentiated Instruction and problem solving by group readiness Individual Accountability in group work Create a positive work environment Group work looks like, sounds like anchor charts with clear understanding of expectations Participate in work that is engaging and challenging Centennial S.S. HPEDSB Differentiating Instruction Secondary Think-Pair-Share Mathematical Questions Justify using mathematical vocabulary Learning Centres give students choice, work collaboratively and related to hands on materials and manipulatives’ based on their strengths (observe the kids first to see how they are learning Use the entry point depending on their strengths and how they learn to work towards the curriculum expectations Use of different strategies and connect using different means to demonstrate their learning Data given for Problem Solving Exit cards to demonstrate learning in a differentiated environment to take responsibility on teaching the students how they learn DI planning for kids based on grouping on kids strengths and needs.

Free Essays on Boston Globe

The Boston Globe was founded in 1872 by a group of six Boston businessmen led by Eden Jordan Marsh, founder of Jordan Marsh retail stores. Together, the six men invested $150,000 to buy the paper. On March 4, 1872, the first issue of the Boston Globe was published and sold for four cents per paper. In 1873, the Boston Globe found itself in some financial difficulties, and Jordan brought in Charles H. Taylor as a temporary business manger to improve the paper’s financial health and stability. At only 27 years of age, Taylor was a Civil War veteran, staff member and printer of the Boston Traveler, and stringer for The New York Tribune. As a reward for Taylor’s success and loyalty for improving the once struggling newspaper, Jordan, who was the only remaining investor, gave Taylor the title of partner. Soon after being named as a partner, Charles H. Taylor was named president of the Boston Globe. When Taylor passed away in 1921, his son William O. Taylor took over h is father’s role as president. The current president of the Boston Globe is Benjamin B. Taylor, who is a cousin of William O. and great-grandson of Charles H. Taylor. For the last 125 years, the president of the newspaper has been a member of the Taylor family. After being solely a daily, morning paper, in 1877 the Boston Globe started a Sunday publication. Only one year later in 1878, the Boston Globe started distributing an afternoon paper called The Boston Evening Globe, which lasted 100 years and ended its publication in 1979. The Globe’s main hub of operations is located in Dorchester, a section of Boston. Dorchester has been its home since 1958, when it moved from â€Å"Newspaper Row† on Washington Street, which at the time was the street address of many of Boston’s Newspapers. After being a private company for its entire existence, The Boston Globe became a subsidiary of Affiliated Publications in 1973. On October 1, 1993, The Boston Globe and A... Free Essays on Boston Globe Free Essays on Boston Globe The Boston Globe was founded in 1872 by a group of six Boston businessmen led by Eden Jordan Marsh, founder of Jordan Marsh retail stores. Together, the six men invested $150,000 to buy the paper. On March 4, 1872, the first issue of the Boston Globe was published and sold for four cents per paper. In 1873, the Boston Globe found itself in some financial difficulties, and Jordan brought in Charles H. Taylor as a temporary business manger to improve the paper’s financial health and stability. At only 27 years of age, Taylor was a Civil War veteran, staff member and printer of the Boston Traveler, and stringer for The New York Tribune. As a reward for Taylor’s success and loyalty for improving the once struggling newspaper, Jordan, who was the only remaining investor, gave Taylor the title of partner. Soon after being named as a partner, Charles H. Taylor was named president of the Boston Globe. When Taylor passed away in 1921, his son William O. Taylor took over h is father’s role as president. The current president of the Boston Globe is Benjamin B. Taylor, who is a cousin of William O. and great-grandson of Charles H. Taylor. For the last 125 years, the president of the newspaper has been a member of the Taylor family. After being solely a daily, morning paper, in 1877 the Boston Globe started a Sunday publication. Only one year later in 1878, the Boston Globe started distributing an afternoon paper called The Boston Evening Globe, which lasted 100 years and ended its publication in 1979. The Globe’s main hub of operations is located in Dorchester, a section of Boston. Dorchester has been its home since 1958, when it moved from â€Å"Newspaper Row† on Washington Street, which at the time was the street address of many of Boston’s Newspapers. After being a private company for its entire existence, The Boston Globe became a subsidiary of Affiliated Publications in 1973. On October 1, 1993, The Boston Globe and A...

Bose-Einstein Condensate Definition

Bose-Einstein Condensate Definition Bose-Einstein condensate is a rare state (or phase) of matter in which a large percentage of bosons collapse into their lowest quantum state, allowing quantum effects to be observed on a macroscopic scale. The bosons collapse into this state in circumstances of extremely low temperature, near the value of absolute zero. Utilized by Albert Einstein Satyendra Nath Bose developed statistical methods, later utilized by Albert Einstein, to describe the behavior of massless photons and massive atoms, as well as other bosons. This Bose-Einstein statistics described the behavior of a Bose gas composed of uniform particles of integer spin (i.e. bosons). When cooled to extremely low temperatures, Bose-Einstein statistics predicts that the particles in a Bose gas will collapse into their lowest accessible quantum state, creating a new form of matter, which is called a superfluid. This is a specific form of ​condensation which has special properties. Bose-Einstein Condensate Discoveries These condensates were observed in liquid helium-4 during the 1930s, and subsequent research led to a variety of other Bose-Einstein condensate discoveries. Notably, the BCS theory of superconductivity predicted that fermions could join together to form Cooper pairs that acted like bosons, and those Cooper pairs would exhibit properties similar to a Bose-Einstein condensate. This is what led to the discovery of a superfluid state of liquid helium-3, ultimately awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics. Bose-Einstein condensates, in their purest forms, experimentally observed by Eric Cornell Carl Wieman at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1995, for which they received the Nobel prize.   Also Known As: superfluid